Cholesterol: The Good and The Bad

Cholesterol, often viewed as the villain of heart health, is a complex and essential molecule that plays a crucial role in our bodies. Despite its notorious reputation, understanding cholesterol goes beyond mere numbers on a lab report. In fact, cholesterol is an important substance with significant implications for our overall well-being.

In this article, we explore the functions, types, effects of cholesterol on health, and ways to manage cholesterol levels.

What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a lipid molecule vital for cell membranes’ structure and function. Produced by the liver within the body, cholesterol is also a precursor for synthesising essential compounds such as hormones and Vitamin D. 

While indispensable for our health, its excessive presence in the bloodstream may lead to health issues, making it important to maintain a balance. 

As in many countries, Malaysia has a high prevalence of cholesterol-related concerns. According to the Ministry of Health Malaysia, hypercholesterolemia, or high cholesterol levels, is a significant health concern in the country and has increased in prevalence over the years.

What are the sources of cholesterol?

Cholesterol comes from two primary sources:

1. Endogenous production: Our liver produces cholesterol to meet the body’s needs. The liver tightly regulates cholesterol production to maintain balance.
2. Dietary intake: Cholesterol may also be obtained from our foods, particularly animal-based products like meat, dairy, and eggs.

What are the types of cholesterol?

The two main types of cholesterol are:

“Good” cholesterol (HDL)

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol is often called a “good” cholesterol due to its beneficial effects on health. HDL cholesterol plays a crucial role in our body, for example:

• Reverse cholesterol transport: HDL helps transport excess cholesterol from one’s bloodstream back to the liver for excretion, preventing plaque buildup in arteries.
• Anti-inflammatory properties: It exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
• Cardiovascular protection: Higher levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.

“Bad” cholesterol (LDL)

LDL (Low-Density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as “bad” cholesterol because elevated levels can pose health risks. LDL cholesterol has a role in the body but can be harmful when it accumulates excessively, leading to:

• Atherosclerosis: High LDL levels may contribute to plaque formation in arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.
• Heart disease: Elevated LDL levels are a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease.

What is a normal cholesterol level?

To assess cholesterol levels, various components are considered:

What is the significance of cholesterol on health?

The impact of cholesterol on health is significant as it affects different body elements, such as:

• Heart health: Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular health. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels may lead to atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque may accumulate in the arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow. This may ultimately result in heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes. Maintaining optimal cholesterol levels is essential for preserving heart health.
• Brain health: Cholesterol is not only vital for the body but also for the brain. It is an indispensable component of cell membranes in the brain and contributes to synapse formation and neural function. Adequate cholesterol levels are necessary for optimal cognitive function. However, imbalances may negatively impact mental health, making cholesterol management a holistic concern.
• Overall well-being: Balanced cholesterol levels are integral to physical and mental well-being. Maintaining a healthy cholesterol profile supports various bodily functions, from hormone production to digestion. Individuals must be mindful of their cholesterol levels to maintain their overall health.

How to manage cholesterol levels?

To effectively manage one’s cholesterol levels, consider the following tips:

Diet

Diet plays a pivotal role in managing cholesterol levels. Incorporating the following dietary tips can help maintain a healthy cholesterol profile:

Foods that lower cholesterol

• Oats: Oats constitute soluble fibre, which may help reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
• Nuts: Walnuts and almonds are rich in healthy fats that can lower LDL cholesterol.
• Fruits and vegetables: These are high in antioxidants and fibre, which contribute to heart health.
• Fatty fish: Fatty fish like salmon, bluefin tuna, sardines, herring and anchovies are particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These healthy and lean fats lower the risk of heart disease and reduce triglycerides. 
• Olive Oil: Olive oil constitutes monounsaturated fats that may improve cholesterol levels.

Read more: Dietary Guidelines to Lower Cholesterol

Exercise

Physical activity is a potent tool in managing cholesterol levels. Aim to exercise at least 150 minutes a week. You can start off with brisk walks and cycling.

Quit smoking

Smoking is a dangerous accomplice to high cholesterol, amplifying the risks and consequences of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Quitting smoking not only improves cholesterol levels but also dramatically reduces the likelihood of life-threatening health problems, offering a lifeline to those seeking to break free from this lethal combination.

Medications

Sometimes, lifestyle modifications may not be sufficient to manage cholesterol levels. As such, specific medications may be prescribed to individuals at high risk of heart disease or those who do not respond well to dietary and lifestyle changes. 

• Statins – most commonly used for high cholesterol
• Ezetimibe
• PCSK9 inhibitors 
• Bile acid sequestrants

Why are regular check-ups essential to monitor cholesterol levels?

Regular cholesterol screenings are paramount for individuals of all ages, especially those with risk factors such as a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. Routine check-ups enable early detection and intervention, reducing the risk of complications.

The blood test, known as the lipid profile, measures various cholesterol components, including HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol levels. These tests provide valuable insights into an individual’s cholesterol status and guide treatment decisions.

Various branches of Pantai Hospitals Malaysia offer comprehensive heart screening packages, including lipid profile testing.

Make an appointment at Pantai Hospitals

Understanding cholesterol, adopting a nutritious diet, staying physically active, and attending regular medical check-ups are essential for achieving and sustaining healthy cholesterol levels. By prioritising these actions, we not only safeguard our cardiovascular well-being but also promote overall health. 

Educating ourselves and making mindful choices empower us to take control of our health and enhance our quality of life.

Get in touch with us to book an appointment today for a consultation, or find out more about our Cardiology Care Services at your nearest Pantai Hospital.