What Is Infertility in Women?

Infertility is a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors, encompassing both physiological and lifestyle elements. It specifically refers to the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse. It does not include the experiences of miscarriage or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.

If a couple, where the woman is younger than 35, has been attempting to conceive through regular unprotected intercourse for a year without success, it could indicate infertility. For women over the age of 35, concerns about infertility arise if conception does not occur within six months of unprotected intercourse. Immediate evaluation is recommended for women over 40.

What Are the Common Causes of Infertility in Women?

• Ovulation disorders: Irregular or absent ovulation can be caused by hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or other medical conditions.
• Uterine or cervical issues: Structural issues in the uterus or cervix, such as polyps, fibroids, or cervical stenosis, can interfere with implantation or the passage of sperm.
• Endometriosis: Tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, potentially causing inflammation, scarring, and infertility.
• Fibroids: Fibroids are benign growths found in or around the uterus. They can impact fertility by potentially obstructing the attachment of a fertilised egg to the uterine wall or by blocking fallopian tubes.
• Unexplained infertility: Doctors use the term "unexplained infertility" to describe infertility when tests reveal no apparent cause. After both partners have had comprehensive fertility evaluations, doctors will then only be able to diagnose unexplained infertility.

What Are the Risk Factors of Infertility in Women?

• Age: Older than 35
• Weight: Underweight or obese
• Sexual history: Presence of sexually transmitted infections (STI)
• Smoking and alcohol: Excessive alcohol use and smoking 
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Stress 

How Is Infertility in Women Diagnosed?

If you suspect infertility issues and have been unable to conceive within a reasonable timeframe, it is advisable to seek evaluation and treatment from an obstetrician. It is recommended that both you and your partner undergo an assessment.

Your doctor would first question your general health and symptoms before conducting a thorough physical examination. Diagnosis is made based on your reported symptoms, physical examination, and investigations.

The tests stated below may assist in diagnosing or ruling out a female fertility issue:

1. Transvaginal ultrasound: A procedure that involves using a probe inserted into the vagina to examine the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and nearby structures.
2. Blood test: Blood samples can be analysed for levels of the hormone progesterone to determine ovulation.
3. Hysteroscopy: To examine the uterus, your doctor will insert a thin, flexible tube known as a hysteroscope into the uterus to examine the uterine cavity for abnormalities.
4. Hysterosalpingogram: An X-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes performed after injecting a specialised dye. This procedure helps identify any obstructions in the fallopian tubes that could impede the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
5. Laparoscopy: In some cases, a minimally invasive surgical procedure called laparoscopy may be recommended to visualise the reproductive organs directly.

How Is Infertility in Women Treated?

The treatment for female infertility depends on the underlying cause. Common interventions include:

1. Medication: Fertility medications stimulate ovulation in women with ovulation disorders or regulate hormonal imbalances.
2. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI): Placing sperm directly into the uterus during ovulation.
3. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF): Fertilising an egg with sperm outside the body and implanting the embryo into the uterus.
4. Surgery: Surgical procedures may be performed to correct structural abnormalities in the uterus, remove fibroids, polyps, or scar tissue, or repair blocked fallopian tubes.

Can Infertility in Women Be Prevented?

While infertility cannot always be prevented, the following measures may help improve the chances of conceiving: 

• Maintain a healthy weight and eat a well-balanced diet.
• Get regular physical activity.
• Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
• Practice safe sex.
• Manage underlying health conditions.
• Limit exposure to toxins like pesticides.
• Practice stress management.

Make an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals

Infertility can have significant emotional impacts on women and couples. Seeking support from medical professionals early in the process can provide valuable guidance, information, and emotional support to help navigate the challenges of infertility.

Early intervention allows couples to explore their options, receive appropriate testing and treatment, and make informed decisions about their journey to parenthood.

Get in touch with us to book an appointment today with a reproductive medicine specialist if you have any concerns or questions about infertility or if you are trying to conceive. 

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